Historically, our Areawide Pheromone and Sticky Trap monitoring for insects was terminated around the first of April as the produce season ended. Beginning 4 years ago however, we continued our Areawide Trapping Network throughout the summer to collect trapping data from all 15 areawide trap locations year-round.  So why is this additional trapping data useful? For several reasons: 

1) Understanding the activity of some of our key pests when produce is not grown during the summer may give us an indication of what to expect as the fall produce season begins. This may be particularly helpful for predicting moth flights and whitefly flights in August-September coinciding with early transplanting and direct seeded crops.  Another example is keeping track of corn earworm which can unexpectedly show up near the beginning of fall harvests. 
 
2) Trapping for pests during the summer has shown us that 2 of our more important produce pests are not caught in traps during the summer. We presume this is due to the absence of brassica crops and weeds for diamondback moth, and high daytime/nighttime temperatures lethal to aphids. The fact that trap catches resume in the fall supports our conclusion that these pests are absent in the summer, only to reenter the desert via winds and/or transplants in the fall. And finally, 

3) It gives me something to do in the summer other than write reports and papers. 
So, visit the Areawide Summer Trap Network if you’re curious what our key pests are up to.

Viruses vectored by insects 
 
We are on the final section of virus transmission. Virus transmission by insects is one of the most efficient and economically important transmission in agriculture. When you have insects in your crops, not only you are losing your crops because of feeding/chewing by insects, a lot of insects also act as a vector of plant viruses. 
 
Seven out of 29 orders of insect feeding on living green land plants are vectors of plant viruses. 
Insect transmit viruses in 4 distinct modes: 
 

1. Non persistent transmission: The insects can acquire the virus in a matter if seconds/minutes and they are immediately viruliferous. The virus in retained in the stylet of the insect and are transmitted to the next plant the insect feeds on. The virus is retained in the vector only for few minutes and is lost after insect molting. Most viruses transmitted by aphids are non persistent. So when you see few aphids in your melon field and see cucumber mosaic virus symptoms 1-2 weeks later in your field, don’t be surprised. Aphids are efficient vectors, and since viruses are systemic it takes anywhere from few days to 2-3 weeks for the plants to show symptoms. Thus it is very important to manage insects in the field even if you don’t think the ‘pressure’ is not as high. 

Viruses transmitted in non-persistent manner:
 Papaya ringspot virus 
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus 
Watermelon mosaic virus

1. Semi-persistent transmission: The insects can acquire the virus in minutes/hours and there is no latent (incubation) period in the insect. The virus can stay in the insects foregut for hours and is lost after insect molting. Some species of aphids and whiteflies fall in this category.  Example: Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in melons transmitted by whiteflies. 

1. Persistent circulative: Insects have to feed on virus infected plants for hours/days to acquire the virus and the virus has to incubate for hours/days in the insect. After insect can transmit the virus for weeks. Virus can be present in the vectors hemolymph but there is no multiplication of virus in the insect body. Vectors in this transmission includes: Aphids, leafhopper, whiteflies, treehopper. 

Example: Beet curly top virus transmission by beet leafhopper 
 

1. Persistent propagative:  Insects have to feed on virus infected plants for hours/days to acquire the virus and the virus has to incubate for hours/days in the insect. After insect can transmit the virus throughout its lifespan. The virus can multiply in the vector system and often times the virus particles are also passed on to the insect offspring. Tomato spotted wilt virus is transmitted on persistent propagative manner by 9 different species on thrips. 

 

Save the Date : 2024 Plant Pathology Workshop 
When: August 29^th 8AM-12 PM ( breakfast and Lunch provided by Gowan Company and BASF) 
Where: Yuma Ag Center, 6425 W 8^th Street 
What will covered: Plant Pathology program Updates, past season field trial results (we
have some exciting results to share), Q&A to help better Plant pathology program,
Industry panel discussion for all your industry related questions! See you in few weeks! 

Herbicides that have residual soil activity are very useful in the low deserts, where weed seeds continue to germinate with each irrigation year-round. These herbicides can also be hazardous, however, when sensitive crops are planted into soil where they are still active. Determining the potential for crop injury from herbicides used on previous crops can be difficult. Injury potential is related to several interrelated factors such as soil type, irrigation practices, tillage, environmental conditions, organic matter and other conditions. Injury can vary from field to field, year to year and even be variable within the same field. Rotational crop restrictions on product labels must often cover many diverse conditions and geographic regions and are frequently much longer than needed. The link "Recropping Interval"  will give you a chart that contains the labeled and likely rotational crop interval for the major crops and herbicides used in the deserts as well as the usual soil persistence for each product.

Tests can be conducted prior to planting to evaluate the potential for crop injury. Many times soil samples are taken and sent to a lab for analysis. These tests are usually done using a High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) or a Gas Chromatograph (GC) and can be costly, time-consuming and difficult to interpret. A simpler and more direct test can be done by using a bioassay or growing sensitive plants in pots containing soil from the questionable field. This technique is less expensive, requires little equipment and can be done by anyone. Bioassays are often conducted by growing species of plants that are known to be sensitive to a specific herbicide or class of herbicides. It is reasonable, however, to use the crop that is to be planted. If, for instance, lettuce will be grown, the seed used in the bioassay should be from the variety and lot number that will be used. Bioassays can be more accurate than more sophisticated lab tests in predicting potential crop injury. These tests are only good, however, if the soil sample collected is representative of what is in the field. Sample collection is very important and small amounts should be taken from several areas of the field. Herbicide concentration often varies within fields and separate samples should be collected and labeled to indicate in which part of the field they came from. Samples are normally taken from the top 2-4 inches from the surface. Soil must also be collected from similar soil types in the same vicinity that have not been treated for comparison.

We are again conducting a bioassay program this season to help growers evaluate potential herbicide injury using the greenhouses at the Valley Agriculture Center. You can contact either Barry Tickes (928-580-9902) or Marco Pena (928-782-5871) for guidelines on how to collect and drop off soil samples.

Effects of an excessive rate of Prefar® on lettuce root growth.

Herbicides that have residual soil activity are very useful in the low deserts, where weed seeds continue to germinate with each irrigation year-round. These herbicides can also be hazardous, however, when sensitive crops are planted into soil where they are still active. Determining the potential for crop injury from herbicides used on previous crops can be difficult. Injury potential is related to several interrelated factors such as soil type, irrigation practices, tillage, environmental conditions, organic matter and other conditions. Injury can vary from field to field, year to year and even be variable within the same field. Rotational crop restrictions on product labels must often cover many diverse conditions and geographic regions and are frequently much longer than needed. The link

Results of recent pheromone and sticky trap catches can be viewed here.
 
Corn earworm:           
CEW moth counts decreased in the past 2 weeks and about average for this time of summer.
 
Beet armyworm:         
Trap counts stay active in some locations (Yuma Valley and Wellton) but about average for July.
 
Cabbage looper:          
Cabbage looper numbers remain low consistent with the lack of activity this fall compared to last season.
 
Diamondback moth:       
DBM moths were not caught in any trap in the past 2 weeks; average for this time of the year.
 
Whitefly:                       
Adult movement continuing to increase, particularly in Gila and Yuma Valleys consistent with melon harvest.
 
Thrips:                           
Thrips adults decreasing in most locations, and trending comparable to previous years.
 
Aphids:                        
Aphid movement is absent consistent with what we typically see in the summer. 
 
Leafminers:                  
Adult activity has highest in Yuma and Dome Valley, and above average for early July.