Beet Armyworm and Cabbage Loopers in Fall Produce 2014
Historically, beet armyworm and cabbage looper are the most important pests of produce during September and October based on our annual Lettuce Insect Losses surveys. Now with produce planting well underway, it is no surprise that worms are everywhere, particularly in Dome Valley where reports of heavy armyworm have been numerous over the past week or so. Corn earworm larvae have also been found in a number of lettuce fields. Here at the Yuma Ag Center, one can easily find newly new egg masses and neonate beet armyworm larvae on 8 day old lettuce and broccoli stands. Similarly, cabbage loopers are beginning to show up and their populations will likely increase. Remember, temperatures drive larval development and adult activity, particularly when night time temps remain high (in the mid-70s or higher). Moths will activily oviposit when evenings are warm and winds are light. Don’t be fooled by this recent break in the weather. As long as the average temperature remains around 80-85°F, worms should be active at damaging levels. Those ideal conditions are consistent with the weather forecast for the next 10 days (highs in the mid-thigh 90’s and lows in the 70’s). Fortunately, there are a number of very effective insecticides that can be applied as stand-alone foliar products that provide effective residual control of both of these lepidopterous species. Radiant, Proclaim, Intrepid, Avaunt and any one of the Diamide products (Coragen, Belt, Voliam Xpress and Vetica) can provide good knockdown and extended residual control of armyworms and loopers. A newly registered diamide, Exirel provides both worm and whitefly activity. Over the past few years, our research trials have demonstrated that these products provide comparable control on lettuce and cole crops. Of course, residual control will often depend on the rate applied. In general, the higher the rate, the longer the residual, but this will also depend on how fast the plant is growing and plant size. Before selecting a product for Lep control, be conscious of products (chemistries) previously used on the crop. Avoid using products with the same mode of action more than twice on any given field. More information on the insecticides available for effective control of beet armyworm and cabbage looper can be found in this document:Lepidopterous Larvae Management in Desert Produce Crops.
Historically, beet armyworm and cabbage looper are the most important pests of produce during September and October based on our annual Lettuce Insect Losses surveys. Now with produce planting well underway, it is no surprise that worms are everywhere, particularly in Dome Valley where reports of heavy armyworm have been numerous over the past week or so. Corn earworm larvae have also been found in a number of lettuce fields. Here at the Yuma Ag Center, one can easily find newly new egg masses and neonate beet armyworm larvae on 8 day old lettuce and broccoli stands. Similarly, cabbage loopers are beginning to show up and their populations will likely increase. Remember, temperatures drive larval development and adult activity, particularly when night time temps remain high (in the mid-70s or higher). Moths will activily oviposit when evenings are warm and winds are light. Don’t be fooled by this recent break in the weather. As long as the average temperature remains around 80-85°F, worms should be active at damaging levels. Those ideal conditions are consistent with the weather forecast for the next 10 days (highs in the mid-thigh 90’s and lows in the 70’s). Fortunately, there are a number of very effective insecticides that can be applied as stand-alone foliar products that provide effective residual control of both of these lepidopterous species. Radiant, Proclaim, Intrepid, Avaunt and any one of the Diamide products (Coragen, Belt, Voliam Xpress and Vetica) can provide good knockdown and extended residual control of armyworms and loopers. A newly registered diamide, Exirel provides both worm and whitefly activity. Over the past few years, our research trials have demonstrated that these products provide comparable control on lettuce and cole crops. Of course, residual control will often depend on the rate applied. In general, the higher the rate, the longer the residual, but this will also depend on how fast the plant is growing and plant size. Before selecting a product for Lep control, be conscious of products (chemistries) previously used on the crop. Avoid using products with the same mode of action more than twice on any given field. More information on the insecticides available for effective control of beet armyworm and cabbage looper can be found in this document:Lepidopterous Larvae Management in Desert Produce Crops.
Widely accepted definition of a living organism “A living organism has a cellular structure and is manifest by growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to the environment through changes that originate internally”. Viruses are not cellular and do not metabolise, but they reproduce and adapt.
A virus is a set of one or more nucleic acid template molecules, normally incased in a protective coats of protein or lipoprotein and is able to organize its own replication but only within a suitable host cells. Record of plant viruses do not go as far as human viruses, but plant viruses have caused considerable loss in agriculture system.
One of the most common virus we see in agriculture system in todays world is Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV). CMV belongs to family Bromoviridae. The genome size of cucumber mosaic virus (see pic) is about 8000 to 9000 nucletotide bases (1 base=1 letter of AGTC). The genome size of Covid19 Coronivirus is about 30,000 bases and the genome size of human DNA is 6.4 billion bases.
CMV has a very wide host range and is transmitted by aphids in nonpersistent manner (stylet borne). This means that the aphids acquire the virus particle in their stylet within seconds of feeding in infected plants, hop on to next plant and start feeding on next plant. The virus is transmitted to the next plant immediately.
Next is incubation period. Viruses cause systemic infection. It can take anywhere from few days to few weeks from initial entry of the virus to symptom exhibition in your plants. The severity of symptoms varies depending on many factors. The age of plant (infection stage), the general plant vigor (health), varietal susceptibility, conducive environment (viruses express better in colder weather than hot weather), a plant that has already been infected with other viruses (preesisting condition) are to name a few.
Attachment – the virus attaches itself to the outside of a new plant cell
Penetration – the protein pushes the nucleic acid strand into the plant cell
Replication – the viruses’ nucleic acid uses the plant cell DNA to make many new nucleic acid strands and protein sheathes
Assembly – the nucleic acid and protein assembly into millions of new virus copies
Release – the viruses leave the cell – at this stage the cell is normally dead and bursts releasing the viruses
Transmission – the viruses move using a vector to new cells to infect.
When you see the symptoms in your plants, the first thing you have to understand is virus infection is systemic. The best you can do to manage the virus is to limit the transmission (flatten the curve). Some viruses need a vector for transmission like insects and nematodes. Some viruses are mechanically transmitted from one infected plant to another. Washing field tools between plants/field whenever possible limits the transmission of virus. Soap, bleach, and disinfectants reduce transmission by protein denaturalization of the virus.
Controlling Disease and Weeds with Band-Steam – Yuma Trials Show Good Promise
In previous articles (Vol. 11 (13), Vol. 11 (20), Vol. 11(24)), I’ve discussed using band-steam to control plant diseases and weeds. Band-steaming is where steam is used to heat narrow strips of soil to temperature levels sufficient to kill soilborne pathogens and weed seed (>140 °F for > 20 minutes). The concept is showing good promise. This past season, three trials were conducted examining the efficacy of using steam for disease and weed control in Yuma, AZ. In the studies, steam was applied in a 4-inch-wide by 2-inch-deep band of soil centered on the seedline using a prototype band-steam applicator (Fig.1). The band-steam applicator is principally comprised of a 35 BHP steam generator mounted on top of an elongated bed shaper. The apparatus applies steam via shank injection and from cone shaped ports on top of the bed shaper.
Trial results were very encouraging as the prototype applicator was able to raise soil temperatures to target levels (140°F for >20 minutes) at viable travels speeds of 0.75 mph. Steam provided better than 80% weed control and significantly lowered hand weeding time by more than 2 hours per acre (Table 1). Results also showed that Fusarium colony forming units (CFU) were reduced from 2,600 in the control to 155 in the 0.75 mph and 53 in the 0.5 mph treatments, respectively (a more than 15-fold reduction). A significant difference in Fusarium wilt of lettuce disease incidence was not found, however disease infection at the field site was low (< 2%) and differences were not expected. At 0.5 mph, fuel costs were calculated to be $238/acre which was considered reasonable and consistent with the values reported by Fennimore et al. (2014).
An unexpected finding was that plants in steam treated plots appeared to be healthier and more vigorous than untreated plots (Fig. 2). This trial is still in progress and it will be interesting to see if this improved early growth translates into increases in crop yield.
In summary, early trial results are showing good promise for use of band-steam as a non-herbicidal method of pest control. We plan on conducting further trials in this multi-year study. If you are interested in evaluating the device on your farm and being part of the study please contact me. We are particularly interested in fields with a known history of Fusarium wilt of lettuce and/or Sclerotinia lettuce drop that will be planted to iceberg or romaine lettuce.
As always, if you are interested in seeing the machine operate or would like more information, please feel free to contact me.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Crop Protection and Pest Management grant no. 2017-70006-27273/project accession no. 1014065 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Arizona Specialty Crop Block Grant Program and the Arizona Iceberg Lettuce Research Council. We greatly appreciate their support. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
A special thank you is extended to Mellon Farms for allowing us to conduct this research on their farm.
References
Fennimore, S.A., Martin, F.N., Miller, T.C., Broome, J.C., Dorn, N. and Greene, I. 2014. Evaluation of a mobile steam applicator for soil disinfestation in California strawberry. HortScience 49(12):1542-1549.
Click link below or picture to see the band-steam and co-product applicator in action!
Carryover of Vegetable Herbicides to Wheat Grown in Rotation
Almost all the herbicides used on lettuce, cole crops and melons have restrictions on how soon wheat can be planted in rotation after they have been used. Experience has demonstrated, however, that safe intervals can vary considerably based upon many factors and are almost always much longer than they need to be. The most important factors are rate applied, irrigation practices and tillage. For example, when Kerb used to be banded at 2 to 4 lbs. per acre after planting and incorporated with furrow irrigation, it was common to see treated strips across wheat fields which followed. This is uncommon now that lower rates are Chemigated. We still see some Balan injury at ends of fields or in overlaps especially when sudan is planted. Wheat it not very sensitive to Prefar and carryover injury is uncommon.
Results of pheromone and sticky trap catches can be viewed here
Corn earworm: Moth activity remains seasonably low, but continued to increase in the North Yuma Valley.Numbers are below average compared with previous seasons.
Beet armyworm: Moth activity decreased in the past 2 weeks and are about average compared with previous seasons.
Cabbage looper: Similarly, cabbage looper moth activity decreased and is below average compared with previous seasons.
Whitefly: Adult movement is relatively absent, but we picked up a few adults in the Yuma Valley; typical for this time of the season.
Thrips:Thrips activity up considerably consistent with the end of the produce season. About average compared with previous seasons for late March.
Aphids: Area-wide aphid flights increased slightly in the last 2 weeks. Most aphids found on traps were green peach aphid. About average movement for late March compared with previous seasons.
Leafminers: Adult activity picked up considerably in Yuma and Dome Valleys. Numbers are below average for this time of year.
Diamondback moth: Diamondback moth (DBM) counts in pheromone traps trended slightly upward over the past 2 weeks in most locations, and remained low in many locations with the exception of the Yuma Valley and Bard. Across all locations, trap counts remain higher now than trap counts recorded this time last year, but significantly lower than 2017 following the fall 2016 outbreak.(See DBM Trap Network).