Diamondback Moth Control and Resistance Management 2016
What started off as a moderate insect season this fall has turned into one of the heaviest worm seasons on produce crops we’ve experienced in many years. Since mid-September, cabbage looper (CL), beet armyworm (BAW) and diamondback moth (DBM) populations have been consistently abundant in various areas throughout Yuma county. For the most part, CL and BAW have been relatively easy to manage with our standard insecticide products. In some cases, however, spray intervals have been shorter than normal due to overlapping egg lays and warm nighttime temperatures driving development of multiple overlapping generations in fields. Given the warm weather this fall and the abundance of alternate hosts for them to develop on all summer, the presence of these heavy infestations is not unusual. However, what is unusual is the emergence of DBM as a fall pest of cole crops. It’s been my experience, that DBM has become a fall pest within the past 7-8 years. Prior to then, I considered DBM a spring pest, occurring in fields once the weather warmed up. Because DBM attacks only cole crops (Cruciferae), they do not survive in any great abundance during the summer due to the lack of host crops. However, it is not unusual for fall transplanted cole crops to arrive in fields with DBM, regardless of the origin of the transplants. This certainly would explain how DBM populations can become so quickly established in September and October. Under ideal temperatures (~85 °F), DBM can complete a generation in a little over two weeks, as opposed to about 3 weeks necessary for CL and BAW. Thus once established, DBM populations can rapidly build up multiple generations in the field. Management of DBM in cole crops often requires intensive insecticidal management, more so than what is generally required to control BAW and CL. In some growing locations (e.g., Florida or Hawaii), protection of cole crops often requires multiple spray applications, sometimes as often as twice per week to break the DBM cycle. Unfortunately, intensive management can lead to insecticide resistance which DBM has a long history of. I’ve become concerned this fall because I’ve had numerous reports from PCAs who have had difficulty in controlling DBM in transplanted cole crops; transplanted cabbage and cauliflower in particular. In some cases, there have been reports of our standard insecticide products not providing adequate efficacy against DBM. It impossible to explain for sure why this poor field performance has occurred as many operational and biological factors (i.e., application timing and frequency, rates, choice of product, weather and resistance) ultimately determine the level of efficacy. Although resistance is unlikely, we will be collecting and bioassaying a few of these populations just to make sure this is not one of these factors. For the short term though, PCAs should remain diligent in their worm control using the standard products (Radiant, Proclaim, Coragen, Exirel, Intepid) at labeled rates and by ground whenever possible. Also it is important that PCAs practice sound insecticide resistance management (IRM) by rotating modes of action following each application. This is particularly important with the Diamide group of insecticides (IRAC group 28) because these products can be applied as both foliar sprays and soil injections and multiple generations of Lep larvae can potentially be exposed to variable doses of this chemistry. The most effective way to delay the onset of resistance by worms in leafy vegetables is to consider the recommendations provided in the guidelines recently updated entitled Insecticide Resistance Management Guidelines for Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce.
2023-2024 Powdery Mildew of Lettuce Fungicide Trial
This study was conducted at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. The soil was a silty clay loam (7-56-37 sand-silt-clay, pH 7.2, O.M. 0.7%). Lettuce was seeded, then sprinkler-irrigated to germinate seed on Nov 28, 2023 on double rows 12 in. apart on beds with 42 in. between bed centers. All other water was supplied by furrow irrigation or rainfall. Treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate plot consisted of 25 ft of bed, which contained two 25 ft rows of lettuce. Plants were thinned Jan 17, 2024 at the 3-4 leaf stage to a 12-inch spacing. Treatment beds were separated by single nontreated beds. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer that delivered 50 gal/acre at 100 psi to flat-fan nozzles spaced 12 in apart.
Month
Max Temp (°F)
Min Temp (°F)
Average Temp (°F)
Rainfall
November
80
51
65
0.08 in
December
71
44
57
0.82 in
January
68
42
54
1.14 in
February
73
47
59
0.50 in
Powdery mildew (caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum) efficacy trial treatments were made on February 15,2024, February 23, 2024, March 4, 2024, and March 12, 2024and .Disease was first seen on February 26,2024. Disease rating was done on March 15, 2024. Disease severity was determined by rating 10 plants within each of the four replicate plots per treatment using the following rating system: 0 = no powdery mildew present; 0.5 = one to a few very small powdery mildew colonies on bottom leaves; 1 = powdery mildew present on bottom leaves of plant; 2 = powdery mildew present on bottom leaves and lower wrapper leaves; 3 = powdery mildew present on bottom leaves and all wrapper leaves; 4 = powdery mildew present on bottom leaves, wrapper leaves, and cap leaf; 5 = powdery mildew present on entire plant. These ratings were transformed to percentage of leaves infected values before being statistically analyzed. Yield loss due to rejected lettuce heads would likely begin to occur on plants with a powdery mildew rating above 2.0 (percentage of leaves infected value of 40).
The data in the table illustrate the degree of disease control obtained by application of the various treatments in this trial. Most treatments significantly reduced the final severity of powdery mildew compared to nontreated plants. The most effective fungicides were Rhyme, Merivon, Quintec, Cevya, Luna Sensation, Luna Experience, and Elisys.
Controlling Disease and Weeds with Band-Steam – Yuma Trials Show Good Promise
In previous articles (Vol. 11 (13), Vol. 11 (20), Vol. 11(24)), I’ve discussed using band-steam to control plant diseases and weeds. Band-steaming is where steam is used to heat narrow strips of soil to temperature levels sufficient to kill soilborne pathogens and weed seed (>140 °F for > 20 minutes). The concept is showing good promise. This past season, three trials were conducted examining the efficacy of using steam for disease and weed control in Yuma, AZ. In the studies, steam was applied in a 4-inch-wide by 2-inch-deep band of soil centered on the seedline using a prototype band-steam applicator (Fig.1). The band-steam applicator is principally comprised of a 35 BHP steam generator mounted on top of an elongated bed shaper. The apparatus applies steam via shank injection and from cone shaped ports on top of the bed shaper.
Trial results were very encouraging as the prototype applicator was able to raise soil temperatures to target levels (140°F for >20 minutes) at viable travels speeds of 0.75 mph. Steam provided better than 80% weed control and significantly lowered hand weeding time by more than 2 hours per acre (Table 1). Results also showed that Fusarium colony forming units (CFU) were reduced from 2,600 in the control to 155 in the 0.75 mph and 53 in the 0.5 mph treatments, respectively (a more than 15-fold reduction). A significant difference in Fusarium wilt of lettuce disease incidence was not found, however disease infection at the field site was low (< 2%) and differences were not expected. At 0.5 mph, fuel costs were calculated to be $238/acre which was considered reasonable and consistent with the values reported by Fennimore et al. (2014).
An unexpected finding was that plants in steam treated plots appeared to be healthier and more vigorous than untreated plots (Fig. 2). This trial is still in progress and it will be interesting to see if this improved early growth translates into increases in crop yield.
In summary, early trial results are showing good promise for use of band-steam as a non-herbicidal method of pest control. We plan on conducting further trials in this multi-year study. If you are interested in evaluating the device on your farm and being part of the study please contact me. We are particularly interested in fields with a known history of Fusarium wilt of lettuce and/or Sclerotinia lettuce drop that will be planted to iceberg or romaine lettuce.
As always, if you are interested in seeing the machine operate or would like more information, please feel free to contact me.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Crop Protection and Pest Management grant no. 2017-70006-27273/project accession no. 1014065 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Arizona Specialty Crop Block Grant Program and the Arizona Iceberg Lettuce Research Council. We greatly appreciate their support. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
A special thank you is extended to Mellon Farms for allowing us to conduct this research on their farm.
References
Fennimore, S.A., Martin, F.N., Miller, T.C., Broome, J.C., Dorn, N. and Greene, I. 2014. Evaluation of a mobile steam applicator for soil disinfestation in California strawberry. HortScience 49(12):1542-1549.
Click link below or picture to see the band-steam and co-product applicator in action!
Carryover of Vegetable Herbicides to Wheat Grown in Rotation
Almost all the herbicides used on lettuce, cole crops and melons have restrictions on how soon wheat can be planted in rotation after they have been used. Experience has demonstrated, however, that safe intervals can vary considerably based upon many factors and are almost always much longer than they need to be. The most important factors are rate applied, irrigation practices and tillage. For example, when Kerb used to be banded at 2 to 4 lbs. per acre after planting and incorporated with furrow irrigation, it was common to see treated strips across wheat fields which followed. This is uncommon now that lower rates are Chemigated. We still see some Balan injury at ends of fields or in overlaps especially when sudan is planted. Wheat it not very sensitive to Prefar and carryover injury is uncommon.
To contact John Palumbo go to: jpalumbo@ag.Arizona.edu
