Water is the first limiting factor in desert crop production systems, followed closely by bio-available nitrogen (N). Nitrogen fertilizer application rates for desert vegetable crops typically range from ~ 150-300 lbs. N/acre. This variation can be due to a lot of factors, including the residual soil N levels, crop rotations, length of the production cycle for the crop, etc.
Due to the critical nature of N availability for the growth of a healthy and marketable crop with good yields in a timely manner, growers are alert to preventing a N deficiency in desert vegetable crop production. Prices for fertilizer N are always a major factor in the crop production budget for any field and that is certainly turning out to be an important issue this year with higher fertilizer N prices.
Figure 1 shows the average North American fertilizer price gauge pattern from 2007-2021 with a distinct surge in 2021. This surge in fertilizer prices is reminiscent of a similar pattern in 2008 and quite an increase in relation to average prices experienced in the past five years. More specific to N fertilizer costs, Figure 2 shows the average weekly retail anhydrous prices in the U.S. 2019-2021 with a five-year average.
The primary driving force in a higher average North American fertilizer price gauge is associated with N fertilizers. Anhydrous ammonia is a good gauge for overall N fertilizer price since so many N fertilizers utilize anhydrous ammonia in the manufacturing process. Nitrogen fertilizer price increases are being driven by the following major factors:
Collectively, this all translates to a more costly and perhaps challenging year for nutrient management in desert vegetable production systems. These challenges can be dealt with by consideration of the 4R approach to plant nutrient application, consisting of:
1. Right fertilizer source at the
2. Right rate, at the
3. Right time and in the
4. Right place
The 4R nutrient stewardship approach utilizes the implementation of best management practices (BMPs) that optimize the fertilizer use efficiency by the crop. The primary objective of the 4R approach and BMPs is to match nutrient supply with crop requirements and to minimize nutrient losses from fields. With higher fertilizer prices, this can be more important in crop production management for this year.
Figure 1. North American fertilizer prices.
Figure 2. Average weekly retail anhydrous prices. Source: Progressive Farmer, 10 November 2021.
I hope you are frolicking in the fields of wildflowers picking the prettiest bugs.
I was scheduled to interview for plant pathologist position at Yuma on October 18, 2019. Few weeks before that date, I emailed Dr. Palumbo asking about the agriculture system in Yuma and what will be expected of me. He sent me every information that one can think of, which at the time I thought oh how nice!
When I started the position here and saw how much he does and how much busy he stays, I was eternally grateful of the time he took to provide me all the information, especially to someone he did not know at all.
Fast forward to first month at my job someone told me that the community wants me to be the Palumbo of Plant Pathology and I remember thinking what a big thing to ask..
He was my next-door mentor, and I would stop by with questions all the time especially after passing of my predecessor Dr. Matheron. Dr. Palumbo was always there to answer any question, gave me that little boost I needed, a little courage to write that email I needed to write, a rigid answer to stand my ground if needed. And not to mention the plant diagnosis. When the submitted samples did not look like a pathogen, taking samples to his office where he would look for insects with his little handheld lenses was one of my favorite times.
I also got to work with him in couple of projects, and he would tell me “call me John”. Uhh no, that was never going to happen.. until my last interaction with him, I would fluster when I talked to him, I would get nervous to have one of my idols listening to ME? Most times, I would forget what I was going to ask but at the same time be incredibly flabbergasted by the fact that I get to work next to this legend of a man, and get his opinions about pest management. Though I really did not like giving talks after him, as honestly, I would have nothing to offer after he has talked. Every time he waved at me in a meeting, I would blush and keep smiling for minutes, and I always knew I will forever be a fangirl..
Until we meet again.
In several previous articles (Vol. 11 (13), Vol. 11 (20), Vol. 11 (24), Vol. 12 (5), Vol 12 (12)), I’ve discussed using band-steam to control pests. Band-steam is where steam is used to heat narrow strips of soil to levels sufficient to kill soilborne pathogens and weeds (>140 °F for > 20 minutes). The concept has shown promise (see previous articles) and we are continuing to examine the technique to confirm previous results and assess its efficacy for controlling additional pests.
Over the course of the last several weeks, we established five trials, two in in Yuma, AZ and three in Salinas, CA. In Yuma, AZ, we are assessing control of weeds and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lactucae, the pathogen which causes Fusarium wilt of lettuce in romaine and iceberg lettuce. In Salinas, CA, we are examining control of weeds and cavity spot (Pythium spp.) in carrot, lettuce drop (Sclerotinia spp.) in romaine lettuce, and fusarium wilt of lettuce in iceberg lettuce (Fig.1).
Consistent with previous studies, early results from Yuma, AZ are showing treatment with steam heat is effective at controlling weeds (Fig. 2). Stay tuned for final trial results.
The band-steam applicator will be back in Yuma, AZ this fall for additional testing. If you are interested in evaluating band-steam on your farm, please contact me. We are seeking additional sites, particularly those with a known history of Fusarium wilt of lettuce disease incidence to test the efficacy and performance of the device.
As always, if you are interested in seeing the machine operate or would like more information, please feel free to contact me.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Crop Protection and Pest Management grant no. 2017-70006-27273/project accession no. 1014065 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Arizona Specialty Crop Block Grant Program, and the Arizona Iceberg Lettuce Research Council. We greatly appreciate their support. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
A special thank you is extended to Christensen & Giannini, LLC for allowing us to conduct research trials on their farm.
Fig. 1. Establishing band-steam trials in Salinas, CA to determine the efficacy of
using steam heat for controlling weeds and fusarium wilt of lettuce.
Fig. 2. Band-steam and untreated plots planted to lettuce (12 days after planting).
Although it is not vigorous or vegetative, Shepardspurse is one of the most widespread and difficult to control broadleaf weeds worldwide. I used to think that it spread when there was more alfalfa here and because it is not controlled with 2,4-DB (Butyrate & Butoxone) but it has continued to spread in vegetable crops. It likely has become worse each year because of its growth habits more than its tolerance to herbicides. It germinates from on or just below the soil surface. Herbicides that move or are placed below the surface often miss it. It is difficult to control with Kerb, for instance, because it leaches easily with overhead sprinklers. The seed is less than 0.1 inch in diameter and moves easily in wind and water. It is very small, and the cotyledon leaves are hardly ever seen. By the time you see it, it is at the 3 or 4 leaf stage. It grows rapidly in a rosette that is low to the ground and often covered by the crop. Herbicide coverage is difficult. It soon puts up a thin seed stalk and several seed pods (“purses”). Unlike many annual broadleaf weeds, it can produce several generations in one season. It can grow year round in many regions but has a difficult time surviving the summers in the low desert.
